Article by Jeanviere Darcy – 2019

The Kinesiology Melbourne Story (part 1 – Traditional Kinesiology)

The Melbourne Kinesiology story begins in 1916 when Miss Ella Gormley became director of Physical Education. She was commissioned by the Education Department to embark on a two-year international study of physical education for girls overseas. Ella received an MA in Physical Education at Columbia University in 1921. Upon her return to Australia, she conducted a National training program for women teachers. Ella Gormley’s work in America and England had a pioneering impact on the increased inclusion of physical education, corrective gymnastics, rhythmic exercises, physiology and kinesiology in Australian schools and universities. Along with Swedish Gymnastics and Kinesiology, Ella introduced the Dalcroze Eurythmics (teaching music via movement) to Australia and to Rosalie Virtue in 1921.

Rosalie Virtue became the first advocate for Melbourne Girls to break away from the male-dominated, military training. The goal was for girls to receive Kinesiology, Gymnastics and Dance as a basis for their physical education. Ella and Rosalie’s work reached across Australia and Rosalie is the first recorded example of a Kinesiology Melbourne teacher. With Ella based mostly in Sydney, it is Rosalie Virtue who should be celebrated as the first Melbourne Kinesiology expert.

Rosalie was born in 1882. In 1921 she succeeded Gertrude Anderson as the ‘Supervisor for Physical Training’ for the 2000+ schools that were in Victoria at the time. Her report on Physical Training, presented to Baron Somers (Governor of Victoria) in 1925, was heavily influenced by Kinesiology (the science of physiological movement) expressed in a creative format (what today we would simply call a gymnastics and dance class) to increase the health of Victorian students. There was also an emphasis on correcting deformities like ‘curvature of the spine’ and ‘housemaid’s knee.’ They succeeded at moving the girls away from the regimented military drill classes that were currently being offered.

THIS was the Kinesiology created and coined by Swedish medical gymnast Carl August Georgii in 1854. A man who stood at the forefront of one of Sweden’s greatest cultural exports during the nineteenth century – Medical Gymnastics and Physiotherapy. Kinesiology was a new science that analyzed the working relationships between bones, joints and muscles during a specific movement. Kinesiology also looked at the inverse effect that certain movements have on the entire body.

Diagnostic forms of Kinesiology stem from the writings of Per Henrik Ling (1834) and A.C. Neumann (1887). These were extensively developed by Henrik Kellgren as he systematically administered them. Henrik developed a great delicacy of touch that could recognise very slight abnormal fulness, pulsation, fluctuation, heat, and stiffness of the muscles. Henrik Kellgren’s Kinesiology was thoroughly documented by Edgar F Cyriax in 1907. Cyriax supported Henrik’s work with his own case studies.

Swedish born, Henrik Kellgren was one of the first to employing Muscle Testing (the basis of modern Applied Kinesiology) in the late 1800s across Europe and London. His Kinesiology employed a series of difficult to master techniques. He used the sense of touch, during passive joint movements to determine and diagnose the cause of stiffness, adhesions, pain, paralysis, tremors and deformity. A technique that he also used to diagnose issues of the eyes, brain, stomach, heart and lungs.

Henrik Kelgrin used his vast medical gymnastic experience to treat all manner of diseases. he would improve circulation and stimulate the nervous system with the view of raising the body’s power of elimination and resistance. Kellgren developed an extensive set of manually applied exercises, manipulations, frictions and vibrations all applied by hand. he aimed to treat and speed up healing across every specific part of the body. This extensive form of Kinesiology would become watered down by the time we had a community of professional Melbourne Kinesiologists. Early Melbourne Kinesiology was reduced to correcting issues of the muscles, joints and bones.

KINESIOLOGY was made popular in the U.S.A. in the 1880s and ’90s when Swedish born Nils Posse wrote: “The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics” which was published in Boston (1894) and his exercises soon became the standard physical education program during the 20th century. Most Australians will be familiar with the associated equipment (horse, beams, bars, ladders, and ropes) that decorated their school halls. Posse redefined Kinesiology into the combination of four sciences: Anatomy – the size, structure and location of muscles. Physiology – the way muscles work. Mechanics – leverage and the action of forces. Pathology and Therapeutics – the cause and nature of bodily defects. He excluded Henrik Kellgren’s belief that the muscles and nervous system could indicate issues in any organ in the body.

In 1919, Wilbur Pardon Bowen (professor of Physical Education at Michigan State Normal College) published “Applied Anatomy and Kinesiology – The mechanism of muscular movement” a splendidly illustrated book that was not only studied by physical education teachers and medical practitioners but also by the legendary sportsmen like Gene Tunney, the famous American Boxer of the 1920s. Via the science of kinesiology, it outlined the teamwork between exact groups of muscles. It explored how they worked together to efficiently perform gymnastics, dance,  acrobatics, sport, and occupational movements efficiently. Bowen’s book also provides many correctional exercises for posture defects and skeletal deformities.

It is the work of Posse and Bowen that would have been studied overseas by Ella Gormley. Knowledge she would have passed on to Rosalie Virtue in Melbourne.

By 1927 Melbourne Kinesiology was an integral subject on the curriculum of the Melbourne Physical Education Colleges. This was thanks to the work of Rosalie Virtue. Muscle Testing was dropped from the science of Kinesiology in Melbourne. This was mostly due to its absence in Posse and Bowen’s books. It would be another twenty years before Manual Muscle Testing would be re-explored and reunited back into Kinesiology by Henry and Florence Kendall. Then a few years after that until it was fully developed to include oriental and chiropractic therapy by Dr George Goodheart. Eventually renamed as Applied Kinesiology in 1973 (see part 2).

By the late 1930s, the study of Kinesiology had been integrated by most of the worlds Olympic Swimming coaches, including Fred Cady, who visited Australia in 1937. This was the same year that German-born, Fritz Duras arrived in Melbourne to become Director of Physical Education at the University of Melbourne. Duras included Kinesiology as part of his two-year curriculum towards a Diploma of Physical Education. This first true Kinesiology Melbourne course had 20 second-year students and 40 first-year students in 1938. Duras was also the senior lecturer.

In the 1940s American medical institutes like the Elizabeth Kenny Institute (Minneapolis) were claiming great success employing neuromuscular physiology and kinesiology techniques for the treatment of infantile paralysis.

During the 1940s and 1950s, the Melbourne Kinesiology story was further advanced by the Australian Physiotherapy Association. They were known as the Australian Massage Association between 1906 and 1939. From 1943-1952 the Diploma of Physical Education at the University of Melbourne still included Kinesiology alongside; body mechanics, diet and hygiene, muscle structure, anatomy, physiology, folk dance and musical appreciation.

In 1965 Melbourne physical education expert, Mike Hunt gave a series of lectures on the Kinesiology of Swimming.

In 1976, Professor Eric W. Banister (head of the School of Kinesiology at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver) toured Australia giving a series of talks on Kinesiology.

The Kinesiology Melbourne Story (part 2 – Applied Kinesiology)

Applied Kinesiology expands traditional Kinesiology beyond the simpler connection between bones, joints, and muscles. It explores a deeper connection to organs and glands via the nervous system (Neurophysiology).

In 1973 the originator of Applied Kinesiology, Dr George Goodheart, founded The International College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK). Prior to that, he spent many years developing his own system of muscle testing to diagnose the entire body. The treatment included correcting the energy pathways known as meridians in Chinese Medicine. George Goodheart based his diagnostic techniques around the work of the early Swedish Physiotherapists and the Manual Muscle Testing techniques of Henry and Florence Kendall published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (1949). With the help of his colleague Dr Alan Beardall (who would later create Clinical Kinesiology), Goodheart changed the traditional muscle testing diagnosis to evaluate the nervous system’s control over muscles rather than the physical power of the muscle itself, therefore, tracing a patient’s most present affliction to a deeper source.

Dr Goodheart’s Applied Kinesiology then treats each of the muscle and related organ inhibitions, discovered through muscle testing, by employing Massage and the stimulation of neurolymphatic and neurovascular reflexes alongside Oriental Meridian Therapies. Dr Goodheart continued to refine his Applied Kinesiology system via the recording of his Monthly Research Tapes. He also gave regular presentations at ICAK and amongst the wider Chiropractic professionals in America. Colour Therapy was one of many treatments that were added later to Applied Kinesiology.

The modern-day Melbourne Kinesiologist will also assess your emotional wellbeing. Kinesiology is often used as a complementary therapy alongside the healer’s main practice of counselling, energy healing or massage. In 1979 George Goodhart became the first official Olympic team chiropractor in the US.

After meeting George Goodheart in 1964, chiropractor Dr John F. Thie became one of the early promoters of Applied Kinesiology. John Thie was already a Doctor of Chiropractic and became the founding chairman of ICAK. He toured with George Goodheart for many years. Eventually, John Thie and his wife Carrie Thie encouraged George to write an Applied Kinesiology book for lay people. Goodheart told them, “If you want a book for lay people, you will have to write it yourself”. So, From 1971 to 1973 John and Carrie Thie did just that. They began presenting and recording seminars (originally called Health from Within) in order to provide background material for the book which would become “Touch for Health” (1973).

In Touch for Health (TFH), applied kinesiology is used to identify imbalances in your energy. The practitioner will then holistically rebalance your body’s energy to enable healing, with the treatment split between ‘body work’ and ‘communication work’. The body work involved acupressure and meridian tracing. The communication work involved personal and emotional counselling. Carrie Thie’s area of study was Effective Communication and Interpersonal Relationships. As as a Family Therapist, she provided the content in Touch for Health that is more suited to counselling. More suited to healing the emotional traumas of Women.

TFH was originally embraced by the Chiropractic community but these ‘professionals’ eventually stopped attending the Touch for Health Foundation meetings. This was partly due to John’s dream of servicing the Layman alongside the Professional. I suspect it was also due to TFH’s inclusion of an emotional duty of care which conflicted with a male-dominated Chiropractic industry. Chiropractic medicine was also a profession that was busy fighting for legitimacy within organised medicine during the 1960s, 70s and 80s. A fight between ‘drugless healing’ and ‘patent medicine’ that had been going on in America ever since 1847. A date which marks the formation of the American Medical Association (AMA) and its subsequent rise to power and full control during the 1980s and its influence on Chiropractors in Australia.

In 1976, Dr David S Walther published his first Kinesiology book “Applied Kinesiology: The Advanced Approach in Chiropractic”. His book organised Goodheart’s work into a more teachable system. Walther’s book was immediately used as the recommended text for Applied Kinesiology. It was accompanied by workbooks and over 1000 slides to create a complete audiovisual teaching program for Applied Kinesiology. David Walther was a prolific writer and the primary developer of the 100-hour syllabus adopted by ICAK.

In 1981, Gordon Stokes, originally a communication trainer at Touch for Health, pioneered the integration of the Chinese Five Elements into the Touch for Health System. His publication – “5 Element Rebalancing” was jointly written with Daniel Whiteside. Gordon Stokes and Phillip Crockford travelled to Canberra in the early 80s and subsequently taught one of Melbourne’s first Touch for Health Instructors, Kerryn Sedgman. Kerry would go on to create one of the first Melbourne Kinesiology Colleges. She also travelled to the San Diego Touch for Health Conference in 1982, where she met Dr John Thie. In 1987 she completed a three-year degree in sports medicine.

Dr John Diamond, a graduate of the Sydney Medical School, is also worth a mention. He was one of the first Australian doctors to study Applied Kinesiology during the early years of ICAK. He went on to publish his own system based on Applied Kinesiology and his own discovery of a link between Meridians and Emotions. Dr Diamond authored 30 books on holistic healing including “Your Body Doesn’t Lie” (1979), and “Life Energy: Unlocking the Hidden Power of Your Emotions to Achieve Total Well-Being” (1985). He also contributed to Color Therapy being used as a treatment by the modern Melbourne Kinesiologist. Later in his career, he began to favour Art Therapy and Creativity as a key tool in Holistic Healing.

Richard D. Utt published his Applied Physiology course material in 1986. A system revered by many Melbourne Kinesiologists to this day. Applied Physiology combines Applied Kinesiology with the work of Dr Nogier and Dr Alan Beardall. Dr Nogier developed a system of  ‘setting up’ or amplifying pain first, in order to improve pain relief rates during ear acupuncture. Dr Alan Beardall’s ‘Clinical Kinesiology’ used a ‘advance and lock’ technique to capture amplified pain and thought signals without keeping the patient in pain continuously.

During the ’80s the Kinesiology Canberra scene was the first to offer Kinesiology and Touch for Health services, courses and conferences. The Melbourne Kinesiology scene followed soon after. Ian White, a teacher of Naturopathy and Kinesiology published his “Australian Bush Flower Essences” book in 1991. Carol West, a primary school teacher, was practising Applied Kinesiology in Rochester, Victoria in the late 1990s.

Andrew Verity was one of the first dedicated Melbourne Kinesiologists. He built a successful Naturopathic and Kinesiology Melbourne practice in the ’80s and ’90s. Andrew employed many other notable Melbourne Kinesiologists; Kerryn Sedgman, Robbi Zeck, Don Vinney, Jose Van Rooy, Gordon Dickson and Chris Rowe. He went on to found The College of Neuro-Training which now has nine campuses across Australia. Three of those campuses are still teaching Kinesiology in Melbourne to this day. In 2005 Lyndy Saltmarsh was director of the College of Kinesiology Melbourne and the College of Neuro-Training Mornington Peninsula campus.

In 1993 Grethe Fremming and Rolf Hausboel, the founders of the Danish School of Kinesiology introduced their Transformational Kinesiology (TK) to Australia. TK was just one example of what would become an epidemic of fusion and rebranding of the original Applied Kinesiology. Kinesiology professionals began to experiment and incorporate the diagnostic side of Applied kinesiology with their preferred therapy for treatment. TK uses manual muscle testing to identify limiting beliefs, stress and energy blockages. These are then balanced with meditation, visualisation, movement, sound, colour, fragrant oils, or acupressure. The session ends by reprogramming of the self-sabotaging mechanisms with a conscious recreation that you choose for yourself (a carefully tailored affirmation).

Chris Rowe became involved in Energetic Kinesiology in 1986. In 1989 he co-founded the Kinesiotherapy Centre. In 1994 he co-founded the Melbourne Kinesiology College for Energetic Sciences with his then-wife Kerryn Sedgman. By 1996 the college was offering the first government accredited Applied Kinesiology Diploma with approximately 1.365 hours of training. Kinesiology House opened its doors at 237 Rathdowne Street, Carlton, Melbourne (1995). In 2005 it became the College of Complementary Medicine with another campus in Sydney run by David Corby. This was one of the rare Kinesiology colleges in the world to bridge the gap between the traditional sport based Kinesiology and energy based Kinesiology. Many of its lecturers and course developers had more conventional degrees in sport and injury-related sciences.

Charles Krebs, Kathy Carmuciano, Peter Cochrane, Penny Booth, Carl Montgomery, Kerrie Brooks deserve special mention here as part of this early Kinesiology Melbourne scene. The college offered two Kinesiology diplomas in Melbourne; Holistic Kinesiology and Sports Kinesiology alongside a string of short courses. ‘Holistic Kinesiology’ was another rebranding of Applied Kinesiology. It was a bold attempt to fuse it with ‘every’ natural healing remedy and alternative healing therapy under the sun. It was incredibly comprehensive, but also one of the most complicated systems for the student to put into practice and market themselves.

Just their Introduction to Kinesiology alone included; history of Kinesiology, energetic/holographic theory, neuro-lymphatic reflex points, neurovascular holding points, bilateral spinal reflex points, postural analysis and corrections, emotional balancing, pain relief techniques, 5-element flow theory, acupuncture theory, meridian alarm points, meridian emotional points, tonification and sedation of muscles, pain tapping, emotional stress release, chakra associations and flower essences. This was just a short course. The diploma blended; Applied Kinesiology, Touch for Health, Three in One, PKP, Applied Physiology, Transformational Kinesiology and much more.

In the 1990s the idea of what a Melbourne Kinesiologist actually does was thrown wide open. To this day it remains to be completely liberating to the student while being utterly confusing to the potential client. One Melbourne Kinesiologist will perform a 48 point muscle balance, juggling a stack of books to determine a suitable therapy at every point. Another Melbourne Kinesiologist will be intuitively guided straight to the inflicted area, perform a one-point balance and always apply her trusted or favoured therapy. The range in between was becoming endless.

Benita French with a Bachelor of Behavioural Science and a Bachelor of Psychology was a student of Applied Physiology (Holistic Kinesiology) in 2005 at the College of Complementary Medicine in Carlton, having completed Touch for Health in 2001-2003 and with an existing business as a professional reader and healer. She said she found the college to be an ‘unspiritual’ and uncaring.

“I enjoyed the course material, but the instructors didn’t seem to have an understanding of what energy healing is really about.
“They taught unnecessary material that students didn’t need yet paid for. I knew it wasn’t necessary having already practised as a (Kinesiology) healer for some years before I came to the college.
“Egos were interfering too much in the healing demonstrations, in the instruction and supervision by those in charge, which made for an unspiritual and uncaring experience.
“Many of these Melbourne Kinesiologists (not only those associated with the Carlton college) at the time, had not given up the medical model, nor a materialistic attitude to life and healing, in order to properly test the metaphysical elements they were including in the course. They seemed to be teaching Kinesiology but not living it”. Benita mentioned a list of evidence to support this although it is beyond the scope of this article.
“Because they weren’t living Kinesiology, meaningful teaching, great teaching could not be achieved.
“The college administration also had an extremely low duty of care and often did not know or did not keep on top of basic as well as important operations.
“There were many things I could have improved on with regards to how the course was taught and how the college was run, as I found those in charge incompetent on different occasions, with less belief in what they were doing and with less healing experience than myself.
“I still found the course valuable and employed aspects of what I learnt with my clients.
“The college did their best at the time. Running a college, let alone one that teaches healing, must not have been easy.”

Benita had a more enjoyable and rewarding experience with her previous Kinesiology Practitioner, Touch for Health training and Kinergetics Kinesiology training under Nicolie O’Neill (Western Australia) who learnt from Toni Gralton (Queensland).

Kinergetics simplifies Kinesiology muscle testing and solely treats the discovered inhibitions with Energy Healing. Kinergetics was created in 1991 by Phillip Rafferty an experienced Melbourne Kinesiologist with a background in Reiki. He was the founding President of the Touch for Health Association in Victoria and began fusing Reiki with Applied Kinesiology. He also began experimenting with the ‘hitting energy’ of Qigong master Richard Link. Phillip also adapted and simplified some Applied Physiology techniques (pause lock, jaw stacking, finger modes, etc) created by Richard Utt.

Formed by TFH trainers, the International Kinesiology College (IKC) was created in 1990 and later moved its headquarters to Australia where it continues to develop international standards and certificates for the Kinesiology profession. The Mind, Body, Spirit Festivals also began promoting Kinesiology in Australia from the 1990s onwards.

In 2000, Jennette Burns opened her ‘Kinesiology Centre of South Eastern Melbourne’, which later changed its name to Kinesiology Melbourne in 2015. Jennette Burns taught many Melbourne Kinesiology students having first studied Kinesiology herself in 1992. Another Melbourne Kinesiologist, Brian Knight founded The Health Arts College (Box Hill) in 2002. The college is no longer offering Kinesiology courses and has since moved to Dandenong. Now Brian is a FOREX trader and Business Mentor.

Benita met/ was taught by/ had healing sessions with: Chris Rowe, Kathy Carmuciano and Brian Knight (Melbourne) and Nicolie O’Neil (Perth). While she could feel they were indeed knowledgeable in their field, experienced when dealing with clients and students and very helpful with their advice and healing, Benita has had healing experiences just as good or better, from students of Kinesiology.

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